OPENSSL-GENPKEY(1ossl)

NAME
openssl-genpkey - generate a private key or key pair

SYNOPSIS
openssl genpkey [-help] [-out filename] [-outpubkey filename] [-outform DER|PEM] [-verbose] [-quiet] [-pass arg] [-cipher] [-paramfile file] [-algorithm alg] [-pkeyopt opt:value] [-genparam] [-text] [-rand files] [-writerand file] [-engine id]

[-provider name] [-provider-path path] [-provparam [name:]key=value] [-propquery propq] [-config configfile]

DESCRIPTION
This command generates a private key or key pair.

OPTIONS

-help
    Print out a usage message.

-out filename
    Output the private key to the specified file. If this argument is not specified then standard output is used.

-outpubkey filename
    Output the public key to the specified file. If this argument is not specified then the public key is not output.

-outform DER|PEM
    The output format, except when -genparam is given; the default is PEM. See openssl-format-options(1) for details.

    When -genparam is given, -outform is ignored.

-verbose
    Output "status dots" while generating keys.

-quiet
    Do not output "status dots" while generating keys.

-pass arg
    The output file password source. For more information about the format of arg see openssl-passphrase-options(1).

-cipher
    This option encrypts the private key with the supplied cipher. Any algorithm name accepted by EVP_get_cipherbyname() is acceptable such as des3.

-algorithm alg
    Public key algorithm to use such as RSA, DSA, DH or DHX. If used this option must precede any -pkeyopt options. The options -paramfile and -algorithm are mutually exclusive. Engines or providers may add algorithms in addition to the standard built-in ones.

    Valid built-in algorithm names for private key generation are RSA, RSA-PSS, EC, X25519, X448, ED25519, ED448, ML-DSA and ML-KEM.

    Valid built-in algorithm names for parameter generation (see the -genparam option) are DH, DSA and EC.

    Note that the algorithm name X9.42 DH may be used as a synonym for DHX keys and PKCS#3 refers to DH Keys. Some options are not shared between DH and DHX keys.

-pkeyopt opt:value
    Set the public key algorithm option opt to value. The precise set of options supported depends on the public key algorithm used and its implementation. See "KEY GENERATION OPTIONS" and "PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS" below for more details.

    To list the possible opt values for an algorithm use: openssl genpkey -algorithm XXX -help

-genparam
    Generate a set of parameters instead of a private key. If used this option must precede any -algorithm, -paramfile or -pkeyopt options.

-paramfile filename
    Some public key algorithms generate a private key based on a set of parameters. They can be supplied using this option. If this option is used the public key algorithm used is determined by the parameters. If used this option must precede any -pkeyopt options. The options -paramfile and -algorithm are mutually exclusive.

-text
    Print an (unencrypted) text representation of private and public keys and parameters along with the PEM or DER structure.

-rand files, -writerand file
    See "Random State Options" in openssl(1) for details.

-engine id
    See "Engine Options" in openssl(1). This option is deprecated.

-provider name
-provider-path path
-provparam [name:]key=value
-propquery propq
    See "Provider Options" in openssl(1), provider(7), and property(7).

-config configfile
    See "Configuration Option" in openssl(1).

KEY GENERATION OPTIONS
The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed below. There are no key generation options defined for the X25519, X448, ED25519 or ED448 algorithms.

  RSA Key Generation Options

rsa_keygen_bits:numbits
    The number of bits in the generated key. If not specified 2048 is used.

rsa_keygen_primes:numprimes
    The number of primes in the generated key. If not specified 2 is used.

rsa_keygen_pubexp:value
    The RSA public exponent value. This can be a large decimal or hexadecimal value if preceded by "0x". Default value is 65537.

  RSA-PSS Key Generation Options
Note: by default an RSA-PSS key has no parameter restrictions.

rsa_keygen_bits:numbits, rsa_keygen_primes:numprimes, rsa_keygen_pubexp:value
    These options have the same meaning as the RSA algorithm.

rsa_pss_keygen_md:digest
    If set the key is restricted and can only use digest for signing.

rsa_pss_keygen_mgf1_md:digest
    If set the key is restricted and can only use digest as it's MGF1 parameter.

rsa_pss_keygen_saltlen:len
    If set the key is restricted and len specifies the minimum salt length.

  EC Key Generation Options
The EC key generation options can also be used for parameter generation.

ec_paramgen_curve:curve
    The EC curve to use. OpenSSL supports NIST curve names such as "P-256".

ec_param_enc:encoding
    The encoding to use for parameters. The encoding parameter must be either named_curve or explicit. The default value is named_curve.

  ML-DSA Key Generation Options

hexseed:seed
    This specifies the optional ML-DSA seed in hexadecimal form. The seed is 32 bytes, giving 64 hexadecimal digits. When generated from an explicit seed the key is completely determined by the seed value. If other users can see the command-line arguments of the running process, this option may compromise the secret key, it is best avoided, tests-aside.

    See EVP_PKEY-ML-DSA(7) for more detail.

  ML-KEM Key Generation Options

hexseed:seed
    This specifies the optional ML-KEM seed in hexadecimal form. The seed is 64 bytes, giving 128 hexadecimal digits. When generated from an explicit seed the key is completely determined by the seed value. If other users can see the command-line arguments of the running process, this option may compromise the secret key, it is best avoided, tests-aside.

    See EVP_PKEY-ML-KEM(7) for more detail.

  DH Key Generation Options

group:name
    The paramfile option is not required if a named group is used here. See the "DH Parameter Generation Options" section below.

PARAMETER GENERATION OPTIONS
The options supported by each algorithm and indeed each implementation of an algorithm can vary. The options for the OpenSSL implementations are detailed below.

  DSA Parameter Generation Options

dsa_paramgen_bits:numbits
    The number of bits in the generated prime. If not specified 2048 is used.

dsa_paramgen_q_bits:numbits
qbits:numbits
    The number of bits in the q parameter. Must be one of 160, 224 or 256. If not specified 224 is used.

dsa_paramgen_md:digest
digest:digest
    The digest to use during parameter generation. Must be one of sha1, sha224 or sha256. If set, then the number of bits in q will match the output size of the specified digest and the dsa_paramgen_q_bits parameter will be ignored. If not set, then a digest will be used that gives an output matching the number of bits in q, i.e. sha1 if q length is 160, sha224 if it 224 or sha256 if it is 256.

properties:query
    The digest property query string to use when fetching a digest from a provider.

type:type
    The type of generation to use. Set this to 1 to use legacy FIPS186-2 parameter generation. The default of 0 uses FIPS186-4 parameter generation.

gindex:index
    The index to use for canonical generation and verification of the generator g. Set this to a positive value ranging from 0..255 to use this mode. Larger values will only use the bottom byte. This index must then be reused during key validation to verify the value of g. If this value is not set then g is not verifiable. The default value is -1.

hexseed:seed
    The seed seed data to use instead of generating a random seed internally. This should be used for testing purposes only. This will either produced fixed values for the generated parameters OR it will fail if the seed did not generate valid primes.

  DH Parameter Generation Options
For most use cases it is recommended to use the group option rather than the type options. Note that the group option is not used by default if no parameter generation options are specified.

group:name
dh_param:name
    Use a named DH group to select constant values for the DH parameters. All other options will be ignored if this value is set.

    Valid values that are associated with the algorithm of "DH" are: "ffdhe2048", "ffdhe3072", "ffdhe4096", "ffdhe6144", "ffdhe8192", "modp_1536", "modp_2048", "modp_3072", "modp_4096", "modp_6144", "modp_8192".

    Valid values that are associated with the algorithm of "DHX" are the RFC5114 names "dh_1024_160", "dh_2048_224", "dh_2048_256".

dh_rfc5114:num
    If this option is set, then the appropriate RFC5114 parameters are used instead of generating new parameters. The value num can be one of 1, 2 or 3 that are equivalent to using the option group with one of "dh_1024_160", "dh_2048_224" or "dh_2048_256". All other options will be ignored if this value is set.

pbits:numbits
dh_paramgen_prime_len:numbits
    The number of bits in the prime parameter p. The default is 2048.

qbits:numbits
dh_paramgen_subprime_len:numbits
    The number of bits in the sub prime parameter q. The default is 224. Only relevant if used in conjunction with the dh_paramgen_type option to generate DHX parameters.

safeprime-generator:value
dh_paramgen_generator:value
    The value to use for the generator g. The default is 2. The algorithm option must be "DH" for this parameter to be used.

type:string
    The type name of DH parameters to generate. Valid values are:

    "generator"
        Use a safe prime generator with the option safeprime_generator The algorithm option must be "DH".

    "fips186_4"
        FIPS186-4 parameter generation. The algorithm option must be "DHX".

    "fips186_2"
        FIPS186-4 parameter generation. The algorithm option must be "DHX".

    "group"
        Can be used with the option pbits to select one of "ffdhe2048", "ffdhe3072", "ffdhe4096", "ffdhe6144" or "ffdhe8192". The algorithm option must be "DH".

    "default"
        Selects a default type based on the algorithm. This is used by the OpenSSL default provider to set the type for backwards compatibility. If algorithm is "DH" then "generator" is used. If algorithm is "DHX" then "fips186_2" is used.

dh_paramgen_type:value
    The type of DH parameters to generate. Valid values are 0, 1, 2 or 3 which correspond to setting the option type to "generator", "fips186_2", "fips186_4" or "group".

digest:digest
    The digest to use during parameter generation. Must be one of sha1, sha224 or sha256. If set, then the number of bits in qbits will match the output size of the specified digest and the qbits parameter will be ignored. If not set, then a digest will be used that gives an output matching the number of bits in q, i.e. sha1 if q length is 160, sha224 if it is 224 or sha256 if it is 256. This is only used by "fips186_4" and "fips186_2" key generation.

properties:query
    The digest property query string to use when fetching a digest from a provider. This is only used by "fips186_4" and "fips186_2" key generation.

gindex:index
    The index to use for canonical generation and verification of the generator g. Set this to a positive value ranging from 0..255 to use this mode. Larger values will only use the bottom byte. This index must then be reused during key validation to verify the value of g. If this value is not set then g is not verifiable. The default value is -1. This is only used by "fips186_4" and "fips186_2" key generation.

hexseed:seed
    The seed seed data to use instead of generating a random seed internally. This should be used for testing purposes only. This will either produced fixed values for the generated parameters OR it will fail if the seed did not generate valid primes. This is only used by "fips186_4" and "fips186_2" key generation.

  EC Parameter Generation Options
The EC parameter generation options are the same as for key generation. See "EC Key Generation Options" above.

NOTES
The use of the genpkey program is encouraged over the algorithm specific utilities because additional algorithm options and ENGINE provided algorithms can be used.

EXAMPLES
Generate an RSA private key using default parameters:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem

Encrypt output private key using 128 bit AES and the passphrase "hello":

 openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem -aes-128-cbc -pass pass:hello

Generate a 2048 bit RSA key using 3 as the public exponent:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out key.pem \
     -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_pubexp:3

Generate 2048 bit DSA parameters that can be validated: The output values for gindex and seed are required for key validation purposes and are not saved to the output pem file).

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DSA -out dsap.pem -pkeyopt pbits:2048 \
     -pkeyopt qbits:224 -pkeyopt digest:SHA256 -pkeyopt gindex:1 -text

Generate DSA key from parameters:

 openssl genpkey -paramfile dsap.pem -out dsakey.pem

Generate 4096 bit DH Key using safe prime group ffdhe4096:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm DH -out dhkey.pem -pkeyopt group:ffdhe4096

Generate 2048 bit X9.42 DH key with 256 bit subgroup using RFC5114 group3:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm DHX -out dhkey.pem -pkeyopt dh_rfc5114:3

Generate a DH key using a DH parameters file:

 openssl genpkey -paramfile dhp.pem -out dhkey.pem

Output DH parameters for safe prime group ffdhe2048:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH -out dhp.pem -pkeyopt group:ffdhe2048

Output 2048 bit X9.42 DH parameters with 224 bit subgroup using RFC5114 group2:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DHX -out dhp.pem -pkeyopt dh_rfc5114:2

Output 2048 bit X9.42 DH parameters with 224 bit subgroup using FIP186-4 keygen:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DHX -out dhp.pem -text \
     -pkeyopt pbits:2048 -pkeyopt qbits:224 -pkeyopt digest:SHA256 \
     -pkeyopt gindex:1 -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_type:2

Output 1024 bit X9.42 DH parameters with 160 bit subgroup using FIP186-2 keygen:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DHX -out dhp.pem -text \
     -pkeyopt pbits:1024 -pkeyopt qbits:160 -pkeyopt digest:SHA1 \
     -pkeyopt gindex:1 -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_type:1

Output 2048 bit DH parameters:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH -out dhp.pem \
     -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048

Output 2048 bit DH parameters using a generator:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm DH -out dhpx.pem \
     -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_prime_len:2048 \
     -pkeyopt dh_paramgen_type:1

Generate EC parameters:

 openssl genpkey -genparam -algorithm EC -out ecp.pem \
        -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:secp384r1 \
        -pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve

Generate EC key from parameters:

 openssl genpkey -paramfile ecp.pem -out eckey.pem

Generate EC key directly:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm EC -out eckey.pem \
        -pkeyopt ec_paramgen_curve:P-384 \
        -pkeyopt ec_param_enc:named_curve

Generate an X25519 private key:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm X25519 -out xkey.pem

Generate an ED448 private key:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm ED448 -out xkey.pem

Generate an ML-DSA-65 private key:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm ML-DSA-65 -out ml-dsa-key.pem

Generate an ML-KEM-768 private key:

 openssl genpkey -algorithm ML-KEM-768 -out ml-kem-key.pem

HISTORY
The ability to use NIST curve names, and to generate an EC key directly, were added in OpenSSL 1.0.2. The ability to generate X25519 keys was added in OpenSSL 1.1.0. The ability to generate X448, ED25519 and ED448 keys was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1.

The -engine option was deprecated in OpenSSL 3.0.

Support for ML-DSA and ML-KEM was added in OpenSSL 3.5.

COPYRIGHT
Copyright 2006-2025 The OpenSSL Project Authors. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed under the Apache License 2.0 (the "License"). You may not use this file except in compliance with the License. You can obtain a copy in the file LICENSE in the source distribution or at <https://www.openssl.org/source/license.html>.